BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. Learn about thermodynamic systems and boundaries

2. Study the basic laws of thermodynamics including, conservation of mass, conservation of energy         or first law , second law and Zeroth law.

3. Understand various forms of energy including heat transfer and work

4. Identify various types of properties (e.g., extensive and intensive properties)

5. Use tables, equations, and charts, in evaluation of thermodynamic properties

6. Apply conservation of mass, first law, and second law in thermodynamic analysis of systems (e.g.,      turbines, pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, etc.)

7. Enhance their problem solving skills in thermal engineering

CO 1 : Explain thermodynamic systems, properties, Zeroth law of thermodynamics,

            temperature scales and energy interactions.

CO 2 : Determine heat, work, internal energy, enthalpy for flow & non flow process

            using First and Second Law of Thermodynamics.

CO 3 : Interpret behavior of pure substances and its applications to practical problems.

CO 4 : Determine change in internal energy, change in enthalpy and change inentropy using TD                     relations for ideal gases.

CO 5 : Calculate Thermodynamics properties of real gases at all ranges of pressure, temperatures                  using modified equation of state including Vander Waals equation, Redlich Wong equation and            Beattie-Bridgeman equation.

Fundamental Concepts & Definitions: Thermodynamic definition and scope, Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches. Some practical applications of engineering thermodynamic Systems, Characteristics of system boundary and control surface, examples. Thermodynamic properties; definition and units, intensive , extensive properties, specific properties, pressure, specific volume Thermodynamic state, state point, state diagram, path and process, quasi-static process, cyclic and non-cyclic; processes; Thermodynamic equilibrium; definition, mechanical equilibrium; diathermic wall, thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature; concepts, scales, international fixed points and measurement of temperature. Constant volume gas thermometer, constant pressure gas thermometer, mercury in glass thermometer 

Work and Heat: Mechanics, definition of work and its limitations. Thermodynamic definition of work; examples, sign convention. Displacement work; as a part of a system boundary, as a whole of a system boundary, expressions for displacement work in various processes through p-v diagrams. Shaft work; Electrical work. Other types of work. Heat; definition, units and sign convention. Problems                                              

10 Hours

First Law of Thermodynamics: Joules experiments, equivalence of heat and work. Statement of the First law of thermodynamics, extension of the First law to non - cyclic processes, energy, energy as a property, modes of energy, Extension of the First law to control volume; steady flow energy equation(SFEE), important applications.

 Second Law of Thermodynamics: limitations of first law of thermodynamics Devices converting heat to work; (a) in a thermodynamic cycle, (b) in a mechanical cycle. Thermal reservoir, Direct heat engine; schematic representation and efficiency. Devices converting work to heat in a thermodynamic cycle; reversed heat engine, schematic representation, coefficients of performance. Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second law of Thermodynamics; PMM I and PMM II, Clausius statement of Second law of Thermodynamics, Equivalence of the two statements; Carnot cycle, Carnot principles. Problems 

10 Hours

Reversibility: Definitions of a reversible process, reversible heat engine, importance and superiority of a reversible heat engine and irreversible processes; factors that make a process irreversible, reversible heat engines. Unresisted expansion, remarks on Carnot’s engine, internal and external reversibility, Definition of the thermodynamic temperature scale. Problems

Entropy: Clasius inequality, Statement- proof, Entropy- definition, a property, change of entropy, entropy as a quantitative test for irreversibility, principle of increase in entropy, , calculation of entropy using Tds relations, entropy as a coordinate. 

10 Hours

Availability, Irreversibility and General Thermodynamic relations. Introduction, Availability (Exergy), Unavailable energy (anergy), Relation between increase in unavailable energy and increase in entropy. Maximum work, maximum useful work for a system and control volume, irreversibility, second law efficiency (effectiveness). Gibbs and Helmholtz functions, Maxwell relations, Clapeyron equation, Joule Thomson coefficient, general relations for change in entropy, enthalpy , internal energy and specific heats.

Pure Substances: P-T and P-V diagrams, triple point and critical points. Sub-cooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture of saturated liquid and vapor, saturated vapor and superheated vapor states of pure substance with water as example. Enthalpy of change of phase (Latent heat). Dryness fraction (quality), T-S and H-S diagrams, representation of various processes on these diagrams. Steam tables and its use. Throttling calorimeter, separating and throttling calorimeter. 

10 Hours

Ideal gases: Ideal gas mixtures, Daltons law of partial pressures, Amagat’s law of additive volumes, evaluation of properties of perfect and ideal gases, Air- Water mixtures and related properties, 

Psychrometric properties, Construction and use of Psychrometric chart.

Real gases – Introduction , Air water mixture and related properties, Van-der Waal's Equation of state, Van-der Waal's constants in terms of critical properties, Redlich and Kwong equation of state Beattie-Bridgeman equation , Law of corresponding states, compressibility factor; compressibility chart. Difference between Ideal and real gases.

10 Hours

1. Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, Yunus A.Cenegal and Michael A.Boles, Tata                  McGraw Hill publications, 2002

2. Engineering Thermodynamics, J.B.Jones and G.A.Hawkins, John Wiley and Sons..

3. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, G.J.Van Wylen and R.E.Sonntag, Wiley Eastern.

4. An Introduction to Thermodynamcis, Y.V.C.Rao, Wiley Eastern, 1993,

5. B.K Venkanna, Swati B. Wadavadagi “Basic Thermodynamics, PHI, New Delhi, 2010

                                 Two question to be set from each module. Students have to answer five full                                           questions,  choosing at least one full question from each module.